How do I read Roman Numerals?

Reading Roman numerals can be straightforward once you understand the basic rules. Here are the Roman numerals from 1 to 10:

1. I (one)
2. II (two)
3. III (three)
4. IV (four)
5. V (five)
6. VI (six)
7. VII (seven)
8. VIII (eight)
9. IX (nine)
10. X (ten)

Here are some key principles to keep in mind:

1. Addition Rule: When a smaller numeral is placed in front of a larger numeral, you add them together. For example, IV is 4 (5 - 1).
2. Subtraction Rule: When a smaller numeral is placed in front of a larger numeral, you subtract it. For example, IX is 9 (10 - 1).
3. Repetition Rule: You can repeat a numeral up to three times in a row. After that, you use subtraction.
4. Only Certain Combinations: Some combinations like "IIII" for 4 are not typically used. Instead, "IV" is used.
5. Place Value: Roman numerals do not follow a strict place value system like Arabic numerals (0-9, 10-90, 100-900, etc.).
6. Larger Numbers: For larger numbers, you'll encounter additional symbols like "L" for 50, "C" for 100, "D" for 500, and "M" for 1000.

Here are some examples:

• XI is 11 (X + I).
• XV is 15 (X + V).
• XX is 20 (X + X).
• XL is 40 (50 - 10).
• L is 50.
• LX is 60 (50 + 10).
• XC is 90 (100 - 10).
• C is 100.
• CD is 400 (500 - 100).
• D is 500.
• CM is 900 (1000 - 100).
• M is 1000.

With these rules in mind, you can read most Roman numerals you encounter. Practice will help reinforce your understanding.